Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section A
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Autumn 2019

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ferula gumosa, Ferula latisecta, Teucrium polium and Trachomitum venetum leaves and stems extract as the reducing and stabilizing agents. This synthesis shows attractive characteristics such as; the use of inexpensive and available plant extracts, non-toxicity, eco-friendly biological materials, and operational simplicity. The extracts incubated with AgNO3 solution showed gradual change in color of the extracts to yellowish brown, with intensity increasing during the period of incubation. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The silver nanoparticles synthesized were generally found to be spherical in shape with variable size ranging from 5 to 30 nm, as evident by TEM. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed good antibacterial activity against clinical strains of two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Tobacco products are known to contain some heavy metals that pose threats to smokers. In order to assess the role of smoking habits in increasing the plasma concentration of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb), a comparative study between male smokers and nonsmokers was carried out in Tripoli, Libya. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used to determine the concentration of Cd, Cr and Pb in plasma blood of 25 male nonsmokers representing control group, and of 75 male smokers divided equally into three subgroups, which were: cigarette smokers group, waterpipe group and snuff inhalers group. According to 2-sample test, the means (or the medinas) of Cd, Cr and Pb plasma concentrations were significantly higher in smokers group compared to the nonsmokers group, and as the one-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test revealed, the means of Cd, Cr and Pb plasma concentrations were significantly higher in waterpipe group compared to the other two smokers’ groups. In conclusion, smoking increased the plasma concentration of Cd, Cr and Pb, and smoking waterpipe is considered to elevate the plasma concentration of those three metals more than the other two smoking habits, thus it is more dangerous on smokers’ lives.

This study reports on the thermal dislocation and crystal growth changes during preparation of active metasilicate of group 2 periods 3.4 and 5 elements from waste fines of finishing process of crystal glass (CG) industry. Sodium carbonate fused the fines at ≈1273 K for 120-180 minutes followed by water leaching. Alkali silicate goes into solution.  Primary chloride and sulphate salts of elements of group 2 periods 2, 4 and 5 added to the alkali silicate solution at temperatures 300 K to 353 K for 60 minutes to give metasilicate as a white precipitate followed by heating at 473 K to 1073 K for 30 minutes.  The study discussed the physical changes taking place after heating. Results revealed that surface area and adsorption capacity of Mn ions from underground water increased with the surface area of the silicate associating the decrease in atomic radius of the element. The effect of pH, concentration of the reactants and temperature on the synthesis and physical changes of the silicate salts has been investigated. Formation of the silicate salt proceeded in a reaction sequence involving atom rearrangement to form a honeycomb structure with very narrow pore diameter amounting to 1.538 Ằ.  Heating silicate at 773 K dislocate the oxygen atoms around metal atoms to form unit crystals with mild pore diameter of 15.29 Ằ. With further increase in temperature, narrow pore system collapses to form sponge structure with wider pore diameter and lower surface area. The manuscript tabulated the physical changes in digital presentation derived mathematically.

For many years of production of phosphate fertilizer very large amounts of phosphogypsum (PG) occupied large area, causing chemical and radiological environmental. Using of PG in building materials represents a good method for lowering the cost of cement production and dispose of phosphogypsum as chemical and radioactive waste. Fresh wet hemihydrate phosphogypsum, cement and pozzolana additive were mechanically activated together and from mixing Portland pozzolanic cement (PPC) with PG, these mixes were prepared at different replacements (by weight) of raw gypsum (RG)with purified PG ranging from 1–5% . The purified PG was obtained by calcining PG at temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ᵒC. The compressive strength, bulk density, total porosity, combined water and free lime of different hardened mortars were obtained following 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. In addition, the setting time of cement pastes. The highest percentage increase in strength was found to be for PG calcined at temperatures of 800 and 1000 ᵒC. The incorporation of PG in the cement paste has dramatically increased its initial and final setting times. FTIR spectroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for investigate the change in structure of mortars after curing and change in morphology and microstructure of some hardened pastes.

As the morpholine and morphine have been used all over the world as pain killer drugs even used in cancer treatment, so the morpholine is more demanding chemical molecule. In our work, the morpholine has included the addition of inorganic anions like nitrate and nitrite for forming morpholinium based Ionic Liquid. Their chemical properties, biochemical properties, and physio-chemical properties are evaluated using computational chemistry through the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The biological properties have been shown that biological activity in the designed ionic liquid for uses in new drug discovery. From QSAR study, the value of the LogP is 0.713 and 1.7 which indicates hydrophobic nature and PIC50 is -2.14 and -3.96 respectively. The nitrate and nitrite comparison have been highlighted through this work. From QSAR and PIC50, it is seen that due to the nitrate addition with morpholine is more biological activity than nitrite. On the other hand, the toxicity of nitrate is less than nitrite.

Phytochemical screening of Terminalia schimperiana (Combretaceae) Root Bark showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroid carbohydrates and terpenoides in n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol as solvents of extraction. Isolated stigmasterol from Terminalia schimperiana was a white-yellow crystal which characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectral techniques. Research studies clearly revealed that Terminalia schimperiana root bark extract has potential to be exploited in the pharmaceutical firm in the search for stigmasterol related drug from nature.

The current study aimed to develop and new, simple, accurate, economical and stability-indicating RP-HPLC for simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate, Valsartan and its related substances in their film-coated tablets dosage form. Chromatographic system was performed on the YMC ODS-A C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5μm particle size) using a binary gradient elution consist of two solvent systems, solution (A) 0.02 monobasic sodium phosphate Adjust with phosphoric acid to a pH of 2.5. and solution (B) consisting of Solution A: Acetonitrile (45:55). at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume 10 µL, UV detection at 235 nm, column oven temperature 30 ºC and autosampler temperature 10 ºC. This method was validated according to ICH requirements for new methods, which include accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness, ruggedness, LOD, LOQ, linearity and range. Linear relationships were obtained in the ranges of 10-300 µg/mL and 5-200 µg/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9998 for Amlodipine Besylate and Valsartan respectively. The forced degradation studies as acidity, alkalinity, oxidation, heat, thermal, humidity and photodegradation were performed according to ICH guidelines.

In this study low cost biochar adsorbent originated from camel bone was prepared by physically treatment, and examine the developed camel bone biochar for the removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from their solutions. The biochar adsorbent was characterized before and after development by XRD,SEM, FT-IR, and BET surface The bone sample was pyrolyzed at temperature 500,600, 800, and 900 °C. Adsorption efficiency of Pb and Cd were optimized at different parameters (pH,pH z, contact time , initial metal concentration , adsorbent dosage and temperature. Adsorption kinetic, isotherms, and thermodynamic models have been performed to confirm the adsorption technique.The results revealed that the effective pyrolysis temperature for camel bone was 800oC that suitable for the high removal of Cd and Pb.The maximum adsorption removal percentage for Cd and Pb were 99.4 and 99.89 % , respectively at constant contact time 1 h, 1 g dose, pH 5, and 10 mg/L intial metal concentration. The kinetic results of cadmium and lead adsorption obeyed a pseudo-second-order model and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm.

In the present study, Zn-doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4) magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method. The prepared materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The apparent density and magnetic force of CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4 nanoparticles were determined. The results revealed that the prepared materials display an adequate density and considerable magnetic force. The gravimetric oil removal capability tests were also performed to investigate the oil absorption properties of CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4 nanoparticles using four types of oil samples (crude, diesel, gasoline and hydraulic oil) as water pollutant’s model. The oil removal capabilities of the prepared absorbent were found to be 13.72 ± 0.42-5.50 ± 0.53 g/g, 14.99 ± 0.95-8.86 ± 0.42 g/g, 18.23 ± 1.01-8.06 ± 1.26 g/g and 10.58 ± 0.49-5.24 ± 0.31 g/g for crude, diesel engine, gasoline engine and hydraulic oil, respectively. The results suggest that the prepared magnetic nanoparticles can be used as absorbent materials for removing oil spills from water surface.

A new ligand, 1,5-bis( para methoxyphenyl)-3- ethyl-1,4-pantaazadiene has been synthesized by reaction of the 4-methoxyaniline (p-anisidine) with ethylamine. The mixture was stirred in an ice bath for 30 min. The structure of the synthesized compound resulted from the IR and 1HNMR and 13CNMR. Afterwards, a carbon paste electrode modified with this new ligand was developed for the silver determination at nanomolar level concentration. The electerochemical properties of this modified electrode was investigated by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods in an acetate buffer solution (pH=4.8). The effect of pH, scan rate, percentage of modifier and buffer as supporting electrolyte on the electrode process were investigated. The oxidation peak of Ag+ was observed at about 0.4- 0.5 V. The resulting electrode demonstrated linear response across a 10-9 to 10-8 mol.L-1 of silver concentration range with a detection limit value of 1.61×10-10mol.L-1, on the basis of a signal to noise ratio of 3. Relative Standard deviation (RSD%) of the electrode performance was 2.41%. This MCPE, were showed high sensitivity and selectivity to Ag+ ions in aqueous samples.